scrpty算法虚拟货币(scf虚拟化)

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top指令是每个学习和使用Linux技能树的朋友必须熟练掌握的指令之一,其日常使用主要分为交互模式和非交互模式,简单实例如下。

1、top交互式模式

跟老韩学Linux SRE top指令

top-交互式界面(默认)



2、top非交互式模式演示

root@hanyw-ubuntu:~# top -bn 1top - 22:33:14 up  1:35,  3 users,  load average: 0.08, 0.04, 0.00Tasks: 210 total,   1 running, 209 sleeping,   0 stopped,   0 zombie%Cpu(s):  0.0 us,  6.2 sy,  0.0 ni, 93.8 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 stMiB Mem :   1942.8 total,   1201.1 free,    387.8 used,    354.0 buff/cacheMiB Swap:   1743.0 total,   1743.0 free,      0.0 used.   1398.8 avail Mem     PID USER      PR  NI    VIRT    RES    SHR S  %CPU  %MEM     TIME+ COMMAND      1 root      20   0  100740  11568   8256 S   0.0   0.6   0:01.41 systemd      2 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.01 kthreadd      3 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 rcu_gp      4 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 rcu_par_gp      5 root      20   0       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:13.17 kworker/0:0-events      6 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 kworker/0:0H-events_highpri      9 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 mm_percpu_wq     10 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 rcu_tasks_rude_     11 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 rcu_tasks_trace     12 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.25 ksoftirqd/0     13 root      20   0       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:01.45 rcu_sched     14 root      rt   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.04 migration/0     15 root     -51   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 idle_inject/0     16 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 cpuhp/0     17 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 kdevtmpfs     18 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 netns     19 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 inet_frag_wq     20 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 kauditd     21 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 khungtaskd     22 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 oom_reaper     23 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 writeback     24 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.29 kcompactd0     25 root      25   5       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 ksmd     26 root      39  19       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 khugepaged     72 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 kintegrityd     73 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 kblockd     74 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 blkcg_punt_bio     75 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 tpm_dev_wq     76 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 ata_sff     77 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 md     78 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 edac-poller     79 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 devfreq_wq     80 root     -51   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 watchdogd     82 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.17 kworker/0:1H-kblockd     84 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 kswapd0     85 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 ecryptfs-kthrea     87 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 kthrotld     88 root     -51   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 irq/24-pciehp     89 root     -51   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 irq/25-pciehp     90 root     -51   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 irq/26-pciehp     91 root     -51   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 irq/27-pciehp     92 root     -51   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 irq/28-pciehp     93 root     -51   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 irq/29-pciehp     94 root     -51   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 irq/30-pciehp     95 root     -51   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 irq/31-pciehp     96 root     -51   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 irq/32-pciehp     97 root     -51   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 irq/33-pciehp     98 root     -51   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 irq/34-pciehp     99 root     -51   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 irq/35-pciehp    100 root     -51   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 irq/36-pciehp    101 root     -51   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 irq/37-pciehp    102 root     -51   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 irq/38-pciehp    103 root     -51   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 irq/39-pciehp    104 root     -51   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 irq/40-pciehp    105 root     -51   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 irq/41-pciehp    106 root     -51   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 irq/42-pciehp    107 root     -51   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 irq/43-pciehp    108 root     -51   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 irq/44-pciehp    109 root     -51   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 irq/45-pciehp    110 root     -51   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 irq/46-pciehp    111 root     -51   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 irq/47-pciehp    112 root     -51   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 irq/48-pciehp    113 root     -51   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 irq/49-pciehp    114 root     -51   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 irq/50-pciehp    115 root     -51   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 irq/51-pciehp    116 root     -51   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 irq/52-pciehp    117 root     -51   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 irq/53-pciehp    118 root     -51   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 irq/54-pciehp    119 root     -51   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 irq/55-pciehp    120 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 acpi_thermal_pm    122 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.01 scsi_eh_0    123 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_tmf_0    124 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.01 scsi_eh_1    125 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_tmf_1    127 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 vfio-irqfd-clea    128 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 mld    129 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 ipv6_addrconf    139 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 kstrp    142 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 zswap-shrink    143 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 kworker/u257:0    148 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 charger_manager    187 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_eh_2    188 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 mpt_poll_0    189 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 mpt/0    190 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_tmf_2    191 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_eh_3    192 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_tmf_3    193 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_eh_4    194 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_tmf_4    195 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_eh_5    196 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_tmf_5    197 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_eh_6    198 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_tmf_6    199 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_eh_7    200 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_tmf_7    201 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_eh_8    202 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_tmf_8    203 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_eh_9    204 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_tmf_9    205 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_eh_10    206 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_tmf_10    207 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_eh_11    208 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_tmf_11    209 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_eh_12    210 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_tmf_12    211 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_eh_13    212 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_tmf_13    213 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_eh_14    214 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_tmf_14    215 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 cryptd    216 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_eh_15    217 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_tmf_15    218 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_eh_16    222 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_tmf_16    228 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_eh_17    231 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_tmf_17    234 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_eh_18    238 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_tmf_18    242 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_eh_19    244 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_tmf_19    247 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_eh_20    249 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_tmf_20    251 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_eh_21    253 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_tmf_21    255 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 ttm_swap    256 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_eh_22    258 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_tmf_22    259 root     -51   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.78 irq/16-vmwgfx    261 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_eh_23    262 root     -51   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 card0-crtc0    264 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_tmf_23    265 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_eh_24    267 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_tmf_24    270 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_eh_25    271 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_tmf_25    273 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_eh_26    275 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_tmf_26    276 root     -51   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 card0-crtc1    277 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_eh_27    279 root     -51   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 card0-crtc2    280 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_tmf_27    282 root     -51   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 card0-crtc3    283 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_eh_28    284 root     -51   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 card0-crtc4    285 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_tmf_28    286 root     -51   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 card0-crtc5    287 root     -51   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 card0-crtc6    288 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_eh_29    289 root     -51   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 card0-crtc7    290 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_tmf_29    291 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_eh_30    292 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_tmf_30    293 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_eh_31    294 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_tmf_31    322 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_eh_32    323 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 scsi_tmf_32    395 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 raid5wq    443 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.05 jbd2/sda3-8    444 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 ext4-rsv-conver    516 root      19  -1   64200  14404  13220 S   0.0   0.7   0:00.40 systemd-journal    545 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 kaluad    546 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 ipmi-msghandler    548 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 kmpath_rdacd    549 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 kmpathd    551 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 kmpath_handlerd    552 root      rt   0  355020  27364   9076 S   0.0   1.4   0:00.65 multipathd    555 root      20   0   25892   6792   4692 S   0.0   0.3   0:00.23 systemd-udevd    747 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 jbd2/sda2-8    748 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 ext4-rsv-conver    781 root      20   0   51136  11800   9784 S   0.0   0.6   0:00.05 VGAuthService    782 root      20   0  314864   8840   7364 S   0.0   0.4   0:07.48 vmtoolsd    914 root      20   0       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.05 kworker/0:3-cgroup_destroy    915 systemd+  20   0   16200   7988   6980 S   0.0   0.4   0:00.15 systemd-network    948 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 bond6    959 systemd+  20   0   25348  12332   8304 S   0.0   0.6   0:00.08 systemd-resolve    972 root      20   0    6892   2864   2624 S   0.0   0.1   0:00.01 cron    973 message+  20   0    8768   4760   4208 S   0.0   0.2   0:00.07 dbus-daemon    979 root      20   0   32640  19148  10484 S   0.0   1.0   0:00.13 networkd-dispat    983 root      20   0  234496   6640   6008 S   0.0   0.3   0:00.02 polkitd    985 syslog    20   0  222400   5872   4516 S   0.0   0.3   0:00.03 rsyslogd    987 root      20   0  726524  38660  19656 S   0.0   1.9   0:01.88 snapd    990 root      20   0   15280   7644   6656 S   0.0   0.4   0:00.07 systemd-logind    992 root      20   0  101152  97436   3420 S   0.0   4.9   0:00.78 demo01-auto-sta    993 root      20   0  392772  13160  10868 S   0.0   0.7   0:00.17 udisksd   1001 root      20   0    6172   1092   1004 S   0.0   0.1   0:00.00 agetty   1026 root      20   0   15416   9444   7816 S   0.0   0.5   0:00.01 sshd   1027 ntp       20   0   76084   6256   5132 S   0.0   0.3   0:00.69 ntpd   1032 root      20   0  317012  11856  10008 S   0.0   0.6   0:00.11 ModemManager   1041 root      20   0  109736  21428  13272 S   0.0   1.1   0:00.12 unattended-upgr   1045 root      20   0   55212   1688     48 S   0.0   0.1   0:00.00 nginx   1046 www-data  20   0   55844   5484   3576 S   0.0   0.3   0:00.00 nginx   1076 hanyw     20   0   17012   9432   7760 S   0.0   0.5   0:00.14 systemd   1077 hanyw     20   0  103660   3784     12 S   0.0   0.2   0:00.00 (sd-pam)   1339 root      20   0   11660   5996   5088 S   0.0   0.3   0:00.18 sudo   1364 root      20   0   11660    940      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 sudo   1365 root      20   0   10212   4524   3968 S   0.0   0.2   0:00.00 su   1367 root      20   0    8904   5688   3744 S   0.0   0.3   0:00.13 bash   1647 root      20   0    5800   1004    916 S   0.0   0.1   0:00.00 tail   1648 root      20   0   17172  10924   8748 S   0.0   0.5   0:00.04 sshd   1705 hanyw     20   0   17304   8092   5624 S   0.0   0.4   0:00.39 sshd   1706 hanyw     20   0    8732   5424   3676 S   0.0   0.3   0:00.02 bash   1717 root      20   0   11664   5876   4968 S   0.0   0.3   0:00.13 sudo   1718 root      20   0   11664    940      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 sudo   1719 root      20   0   10212   4520   3968 S   0.0   0.2   0:00.00 su   1720 root      20   0    9020   5984   4004 S   0.0   0.3   0:00.16 bash   1885 root      20   0       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.52 kworker/u256:2-bond6   1897 root      20   0       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.34 kworker/u256:1-bond6   1944 root      20   0       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.10 kworker/u256:0-bond6   1947 root      20   0    5768   1016    928 S   0.0   0.1   0:00.00 sleep   1951 root      20   0   10476   3900   3292 R   0.0   0.2   0:00.00 top


3、命令异常处理

问题:通过其他程序或脚本在非交互式模式下调用top命令会报 top: failed tty get

原因:top是交互式命令,通过其他程序或脚本在非交互式模式下调用top命令会造成这样

解决:使用top -b

问题:top在脚本中执行会卡住

原因:top是交互式命令,所以在脚本中执行会卡住,不执行下一个命令

解决:top -n 1

综合可以使用 top -bn 1

问题:在脚本中使用top时,会报TERM environment variable not set.

原因:在linux下面使用top需要指定终端类型,也就是TERM的环境变量

解决:在脚本中加入 export TERM=linux


4、man帮助手册

TOP(1)                                               User Commands                                              TOP(1)NAME       top - display Linux processesSYNOPSIS       top -hv|-bcEeHiOSs1 -d secs -n max -u|U user -p pids -o field -w [cols]       The traditional switches `-' and whitespace are optional.DESCRIPTION       The  top  program  provides  a  dynamic  real-time  view  of  a  running system.  It can display system summary       information as well as a list of processes or threads currently being managed by the Linux kernel.   The  types       of  system  summary  information shown and the types, order and size of information displayed for processes are       all user configurable and that configuration can be made persistent across restarts.       The program provides a limited interactive interface for process manipulation as well as a much more  extensive       interface  for  personal  configuration   --   encompassing  every  aspect  of its operation.  And while top is       referred to throughout this document, you are free to name the program  anything  you  wish.   That  new  name,       possibly  an  alias,  will then be reflected on top's display and used when reading and writing a configuration       file.OVERVIEW   Documentation       The remaining Table of Contents           OVERVIEW              Operation              Linux Memory Types           1. COMMAND-LINE Options           2. SUMMARY Display              a. UPTIME and LOAD Averages              b. TASK and CPU States              c. MEMORY Usage           3. FIELDS / Columns Display              a. DESCRIPTIONS of Fields              b. MANAGING Fields           4. INTERACTIVE Commands              a. GLOBAL Commands              b. SUMMARY AREA Commands              c. TASK AREA Commands                 1. Appearance                 2. Content                 3. Size                 4. Sorting              d. COLOR Mapping           5. ALTERNATE-DISPLAY Provisions              a. WINDOWS Overview              b. COMMANDS for Windows              c. SCROLLING a Window              d. SEARCHING in a Window              e. FILTERING in a Window           6. FILES              a. PERSONAL Configuration File              b. ADDING INSPECT Entries              c. SYSTEM Configuration File              d. SYSTEM Restrictions File           7. STUPID TRICKS Sampler              a. Kernel Magic              b. Bouncing Windows              c. The Big Bird Window              d. The Ol' Switcheroo           8. BUGS, 9. SEE Also   Operation       When operating top, the two most important keys are the help (h or ?)  key and quit (`q') key.   Alternatively,       you could simply use the traditional interrupt key (^C) when you're done.       When started for the first time, you'll be presented with these traditional elements on the main top screen: 1)       Summary Area; 2) Fields/Columns Header; 3) Task Area.  Each of these will be  explored  in  the  sections  that       follow.  There is also an Input/Message line between the Summary Area and Columns Header which needs no further       explanation.       The main top screen is generally quite adaptive to changes in terminal dimensions under X-Windows.   Other  top       screens  may be less so, especially those with static text.  It ultimately depends, however, on your particular       window manager and terminal emulator.  There may be occasions when their view  of  terminal  size  and  current       contents differs from top's view, which is always based on operating system calls.       Following  any re-size operation, if a top screen is corrupted, appears incomplete or disordered, simply typing       something innocuous like a punctuation character or cursor motion key will  usually  restore  it.   In  extreme       cases, the following sequence almost certainly will:              key/cmd  objective              ^Z       suspend top              fg       resume top              <Left>   force a screen redraw (if necessary)       But if the display is still corrupted, there is one more step you could try.  Insert this command after top has       been suspended but before resuming it.              key/cmd  objective              reset    restore your terminal settings       Note: the width  of  top's  display  will  be  limited  to  512  positions.   Displaying  all  fields  requires       approximately  250  characters.   Remaining  screen  width  is  usually allocated to any variable width columns       currently visible.  The variable width columns, such as COMMAND, are noted in topic 3a. DESCRIPTIONS of Fields.       Actual  output  width  may  also  be  influenced  by the -w switch, which is discussed in topic 1. COMMAND-LINE       Options.       Lastly, some of top's screens or functions require the use of cursor motion keys like the standard  arrow  keys       plus  the  Home,  End,  PgUp  and  PgDn  keys.   If  your terminal or emulator does not provide those keys, the       following combinations are accepted as alternatives:              key      equivalent-keys              Left     alt + h              Down     alt + j              Up       alt + k              Right    alt + l              Home     alt + ctrl + h              PgDn     alt + ctrl + j              PgUp     alt + ctrl + k              End      alt + ctrl + l       The Up and Down arrow keys have special significance when prompted for line input terminated with  the  <Enter>       key.   Those  keys, or their aliases, can be used to retrieve previous input lines which can then be edited and       re-input.  And there are four additional keys available with line oriented input.              key      special-significance              Up       recall older strings for re-editing              Down     recall newer strings or erase entire line              Insert   toggle between insert and overtype modes              Delete   character removed at cursor, moving others left              Home     jump to beginning of input line              End      jump to end of input line   Linux Memory Types       For our purposes there are three types of memory, and one is optional.  First is  physical  memory,  a  limited       resource  where  code  and data must reside when executed or referenced.  Next is the optional swap file, where       modified (dirty) memory can be saved and later retrieved if too many  demands  are  made  on  physical  memory.       Lastly we have virtual memory, a nearly unlimited resource serving the following goals:          1. abstraction, free from physical memory addresses/limits          2. isolation, every process in a separate address space          3. sharing, a single mapping can serve multiple needs          4. flexibility, assign a virtual address to a file       Regardless  of  which  of  these  forms  memory  may  take, all are managed as pages (typically 4096 bytes) but       expressed by default in top as KiB (kibibyte).  The memory discussed under topic `2c. MEMORY Usage' deals  with       physical memory and the swap file for the system as a whole.  The memory reviewed in topic `3. FIELDS / Columns       Display' embraces all three memory types, but for individual processes.       For each such process, every memory page is restricted to  a  single  quadrant  from  the  table  below.   Both       physical  memory  and  virtual memory can include any of the four, while the swap file only includes #1 through       #3.  The memory in quadrant #4, when modified, acts as its own dedicated swap file.                                     Private | Shared                                 1           |          2            Anonymous  . stack               |                       . malloc()            |                       . brk()/sbrk()        | . POSIX shm*                       . mmap(PRIVATE, ANON) | . mmap(SHARED, ANON)                      -----------------------+----------------------                       . mmap(PRIVATE, fd)   | . mmap(SHARED, fd)          File-backed  . pgms/shared libs    |                                 3           |          4       The following may help in interpreting process level memory values displayed as scalable columns and  discussed       under topic `3a. DESCRIPTIONS of Fields'.          %MEM - simply RES divided by total physical memory          CODE - the `pgms' portion of quadrant 3          DATA - the entire quadrant 1 portion of VIRT plus all                 explicit mmap file-backed pages of quadrant 3          RES  - anything occupying physical memory which, beginning with                 Linux-4.5, is the sum of the following three fields:                 RSan - quadrant 1 pages, which include any                        former quadrant 3 pages if modified                 RSfd - quadrant 3 and quadrant 4 pages                 RSsh - quadrant 2 pages          RSlk - subset of RES which cannot be swapped out (any quadrant)          SHR  - subset of RES (excludes 1, includes all 2 & 4, some 3)          SWAP - potentially any quadrant except 4          USED - simply the sum of RES and SWAP          VIRT - everything in-use and/or reserved (all quadrants)       Note:  Even  though  program  images  and  shared  libraries  are considered private to a process, they will be       accounted for as shared (SHR) by the kernel.1. COMMAND-LINE Options       The command-line syntax for top consists of:         -hv|-bcEeHiOSs1 -d secs -n max -u|U user -p pids -o field -w [cols]       The typically mandatory switch (`-') and even whitespace are completely optional.       -h | -v  :Help/Version            Show library version and the usage prompt, then quit.       -b  :Batch-mode operation            Starts top in Batch mode, which could be useful for sending output from top to  other  programs  or  to  a            file.   In  this  mode,  top will not accept input and runs until the iterations limit you've set with the            `-n' command-line option or until killed.       -c  :Command-line/Program-name toggle            Starts top with the last remembered `c' state reversed.  Thus, if top was displaying  command  lines,  now            that  field  will  show  program  names,  and  vice versa.  See the `c' interactive command for additional            information.       -d  :Delay-time interval as:  -d ss.t (secs.tenths)            Specifies the delay between screen updates, and  overrides  the  corresponding  value  in  one's  personal            configuration  file  or  the  startup  default.  Later this can be changed with the `d' or `s' interactive            commands.            Fractional seconds are honored, but a negative number is not allowed.  In all cases, however, such changes            are  prohibited  if top is running in Secure mode, except for root (unless the `s' command-line option was            used).  For additional information on Secure mode see topic 6d. SYSTEM Restrictions File.       -e  :Enforce-Task-Memory-Scaling as:  -e  k | m | g | t | p            Instructs top to force task area memory to be scaled as:               k - kibibytes               m - mebibytes               g - gibibytes               t - tebibytes               p - pebibytes            Later this can be changed with the `e' command toggle.       -E  :Enforce-Summary-Memory-Scaling as:  -E  k | m | g | t | p | e            Instructs top to force summary area memory to be scaled as:               k - kibibytes               m - mebibytes               g - gibibytes               t - tebibytes               p - pebibytes               e - exbibytes            Later this can be changed with the `E' command toggle.       -H  :Threads-mode operation            Instructs top to display individual threads.  Without this command-line option a summation of all  threads            in each process is shown.  Later this can be changed with the `H' interactive command.       -i  :Idle-process toggle            Starts top with the last remembered `i' state reversed.  When this toggle is Off, tasks that have not used            any CPU since the last update will not be displayed.  For additional information regarding this toggle see            topic 4c. TASK AREA Commands, SIZE.       -n  :Number-of-iterations limit as:  -n number            Specifies the maximum number of iterations, or frames, top should produce before ending.       -o  :Override-sort-field as:  -o fieldname            Specifies  the  name  of  the field on which tasks will be sorted, independent of what is reflected in the            configuration file.  You can prepend a `+' or `-' to the field name to also override the  sort  direction.            A leading `+' will force sorting high to low, whereas a `-' will ensure a low to high ordering.            This option exists primarily to support automated/scripted batch mode operation.       -O  :Output-field-names            This  option  acts  as  a  form  of  help for the above -o option.  It will cause top to print each of the            available field names on a separate line, then quit.  Such names are subject  to  NLS  (National  Language            Support) translation.       -p  :Monitor-PIDs mode as:  -pN1 -pN2 ...  or  -pN1,N2,N3 ...            Monitor  only  processes  with specified process IDs.  This option can be given up to 20 times, or you can            provide a comma delimited list with up to 20 pids.  Co-mingling both approaches is permitted.            A pid value of zero will be treated as the process id of the top program itself once it is running.            This is a command-line option only and should you wish to return to normal operation, it is not  necessary            to quit and restart top  --  just issue any of these interactive commands: `=', `u' or `U'.            The `p', `u' and `U' command-line options are mutually exclusive.       -s  :Secure-mode operation            Starts  top  with  secure mode forced, even for root.  This mode is far better controlled through a system            configuration file (see topic 6. FILES).       -S  :Cumulative-time toggle            Starts top with the last remembered `S' state reversed.  When Cumulative time mode is On, each process  is            listed  with  the  cpu  time that it and its dead children have used.  See the `S' interactive command for            additional information regarding this mode.       -u | -U  :User-filter-mode as:  -u | -U number or name            Display only processes with a user id or user name matching  that  given.   The  `-u'  option  matches  on            effective user whereas the `-U' option matches on any user (real, effective, saved, or filesystem).            Prepending  an exclamation point (`!') to the user id or name instructs top to display only processes with            users not matching the one provided.            The `p', `u' and `U' command-line options are mutually exclusive.       -w  :Output-width-override as:  -w [ number ]            In Batch mode, when used without an argument  top  will  format  output  using  the  COLUMNS=  and  LINES=            environment  variables,  if  set.   Otherwise,  width  will  be fixed at the maximum 512 columns.  With an            argument, output width can be decreased or increased (up to 512) but the  number  of  rows  is  considered            unlimited.            In normal display mode, when used without an argument top will attempt to format output using the COLUMNS=            and LINES= environment variables, if set.  With an argument, output  width  can  only  be  decreased,  not            increased.   Whether  using  environment  variables  or an argument with -w, when not in Batch mode actual            terminal dimensions can never be exceeded.            Note: Without the use of this command-line option, output width is always based on the terminal  at  which            top was invoked whether or not in Batch mode.       -1  :Single/Separate-Cpu-States toggle            Starts  top  with  the  last  remembered  Cpu States portion of the summary area reversed.  Either all cpu            information will be displayed in a single line or each cpu will be displayed separately, depending on  the            state of the NUMA Node command toggle ('2').            See the `1' and '2' interactive commands for additional information.2. SUMMARY Display       Each  of  the  following three areas are individually controlled through one or more interactive commands.  See       topic 4b. SUMMARY AREA Commands for additional information regarding these provisions.   2a. UPTIME and LOAD Averages       This portion consists of a single line containing:           program or window name, depending on display mode           current time and length of time since last boot           total number of users           system load avg over the last 1, 5 and 15 minutes   2b. TASK and CPU States       This portion consists of a minimum of  two  lines.   In  an  SMP  environment,  additional  lines  can  reflect       individual CPU state percentages.       Line  1 shows total tasks or threads, depending on the state of the Threads-mode toggle.  That total is further       classified as:           running; sleeping; stopped; zombie       Line 2 shows CPU state percentages based on the interval since the last refresh.       As a default, percentages for these individual categories are displayed.  Where two  labels  are  shown  below,       those for more recent kernel versions are shown first.           us, user    : time running un-niced user processes           sy, system  : time running kernel processes           ni, nice    : time running niced user processes           id, idle    : time spent in the kernel idle handler           wa, IO-wait : time waiting for I/O completion           hi : time spent servicing hardware interrupts           si : time spent servicing software interrupts           st : time stolen from this vm by the hypervisor       In the alternate cpu states display modes, beyond the first tasks/threads line, an abbreviated summary is shown       consisting of these elements:                      a    b     c    d           %Cpu(s):  75.0/25.0  100[ ...       Where: a) is the `user' (us + ni) percentage; b) is the `system' (sy + hi + si) percentage; c)  is  the  total;       and  d)  is one of two visual graphs of those representations.  See topic 4b. SUMMARY AREA Commands and the `t'       command for additional information on that special 4-way toggle.   2c. MEMORY Usage       This portion consists of two lines which  may  express  values  in  kibibytes  (KiB)  through  exbibytes  (EiB)       depending on the scaling factor enforced with the `E' interactive command.       As a default, Line 1 reflects physical memory, classified as:           total, free, used and buff/cache       Line 2 reflects mostly virtual memory, classified as:           total, free, used and avail (which is physical memory)       The avail number on line 2 is an estimation of physical memory available for starting new applications, without       swapping.  Unlike the free field, it attempts to account for readily reclaimable page cache and  memory  slabs.       It is available on kernels 3.14, emulated on kernels 2.6.27+, otherwise the same as free.       In the alternate memory display modes, two abbreviated summary lines are shown consisting of these elements:                      a    b          c           GiB Mem : 18.7/15.738   [ ...           GiB Swap:  0.0/7.999    [ ...       Where:  a)  is  the  percentage  used;  b)  is the total available; and c) is one of two visual graphs of those       representations.       In the case of physical memory, the percentage represents the total minus the estimated avail noted above.  The       `Mem'  graph itself is divided between used and any remaining memory not otherwise accounted for by avail.  See       topic 4b. SUMMARY AREA Commands and the `m' command for additional information on that special 4-way toggle.       This table may help in interpreting the scaled values displayed:           KiB = kibibyte = 1024 bytes           MiB = mebibyte = 1024 KiB = 1,048,576 bytes           GiB = gibibyte = 1024 MiB = 1,073,741,824 bytes           TiB = tebibyte = 1024 GiB = 1,099,511,627,776 bytes           PiB = pebibyte = 1024 TiB = 1,125,899,906,842,624 bytes           EiB = exbibyte = 1024 PiB = 1,152,921,504,606,846,976 bytes3. FIELDS / Columns   3a. DESCRIPTIONS of Fields       Listed below are top's available process fields (columns).  They are shown in strict ascii alphabetical  order.       You  may  customize  their  position  and  whether  or  not  they  are  displayable with the `f' or `F' (Fields       Management) interactive commands.       Any field is selectable as the sort field, and you control whether they are sorted high-to-low or  low-to-high.       For additional information on sort provisions see topic 4c. TASK AREA Commands, SORTING.       The fields related to physical memory or virtual memory reference `(KiB)' which is the unsuffixed display mode.       Such fields may, however, be scaled from KiB through PiB.  That scaling is influenced via the  `e'  interactive       command or established for startup through a build option.        1. %CPU  --  CPU Usage           The  task's  share of the elapsed CPU time since the last screen update, expressed as a percentage of total           CPU time.           In a true SMP environment, if a process is multi-threaded and top is not operating in Threads mode, amounts           greater than 100% may be reported.  You toggle Threads mode with the `H' interactive command.           Also for multi-processor environments, if Irix mode is Off, top will operate in Solaris mode where a task's           cpu usage will be divided by the total number  of  CPUs.   You  toggle  Irix/Solaris  modes  with  the  `I'           interactive command.           Note:  When  running  in forest view mode (`V') with children collapsed (`v'), this field will also include           the CPU time of those unseen children.  See topic 4c. TASK AREA  Commands,  CONTENT  for  more  information           regarding the `V' and `v' toggles.        2. %MEM  --  Memory Usage (RES)           A task's currently resident share of available physical memory.           See `OVERVIEW, Linux Memory Types' for additional details.        3. CGNAME  --  Control Group Name           The name of the control group to which a process belongs, or `-' if not applicable for that process.           This  will  typically  be the last entry in the full list of control groups as shown under the next heading           (CGROUPS).  And as is true there, this field is also variable width.        4. CGROUPS  --  Control Groups           The names of the control group(s) to which a process belongs, or `-' if not applicable for that process.           Control Groups provide for allocating resources (cpu, memory, network bandwidth, etc.) among  installation-           defined  groups  of  processes.   They  enable fine-grained control over allocating, denying, prioritizing,           managing and monitoring those resources.           Many different hierarchies of cgroups can exist simultaneously on a system and each hierarchy  is  attached           to one or more subsystems.  A subsystem represents a single resource.           Note:  The  CGROUPS  field,  unlike  most  columns,  is not fixed-width.  When displayed, it plus any other           variable width columns will be allocated all remaining screen width (up to  the  maximum  512  characters).           Even  so,  such  variable width fields could still suffer truncation.  See topic 5c. SCROLLING a Window for           additional information on accessing any truncated data.        5. CODE  --  Code Size (KiB)           The amount of physical memory currently devoted to executable code, also known as  the  Text  Resident  Set           size or TRS.           See `OVERVIEW, Linux Memory Types' for additional details.        6. COMMAND  --  Command Name or Command Line           Display  the  command  line used to start a task or the name of the associated program.  You toggle between           command line and name with `c', which is both a command-line option and an interactive command.           When you've chosen to display command lines, processes without a command line (like kernel threads) will be           shown with only the program name in brackets, as in this example:               [kthreadd]           This  field  may  also  be  impacted  by the forest view display mode.  See the `V' interactive command for           additional information regarding that mode.           Note: The COMMAND field, unlike most columns, is not  fixed-width.   When  displayed,  it  plus  any  other           variable  width  columns  will  be allocated all remaining screen width (up to the maximum 512 characters).           Even so, such variable width fields could still suffer truncation.  This is especially true for this  field           when command lines are being displayed (the `c' interactive command.)  See topic 5c. SCROLLING a Window for           additional information on accessing any truncated data.        7. DATA  --  Data + Stack Size (KiB)           The amount of private memory reserved by a process.  It is also known as the  Data  Resident  Set  or  DRS.           Such  memory  may  not  yet  be  mapped to physical memory (RES) but will always be included in the virtual           memory (VIRT) amount.           See `OVERVIEW, Linux Memory Types' for additional details.        8. ENVIRON  --  Environment variables           Display all of the environment variables, if any, as seen by the  respective  processes.   These  variables           will  be  displayed  in  their  raw native order, not the sorted order you are accustomed to seeing with an           unqualified `set'.           Note: The ENVIRON field, unlike most columns, is not  fixed-width.   When  displayed,  it  plus  any  other           variable  width  columns  will  be allocated all remaining screen width (up to the maximum 512 characters).           Even so, such variable width fields could still suffer truncation.  This is especially true for this field.           See topic 5c. SCROLLING a Window for additional information on accessing any truncated data.        9. Flags  --  Task Flags           This  column represents the task's current scheduling flags which are expressed in hexadecimal notation and           with zeros suppressed.  These flags are officially documented in <linux/sched.h>.       10. GID  --  Group Id           The effective group ID.       11. GROUP  --  Group Name           The effective group name.       12. LXC  --  Lxc Container Name           The name of the lxc container within which a task is running.   If  a  process  is  not  running  inside  a           container, a dash (`-') will be shown.       13. NI  --  Nice Value           The  nice  value  of  the task.  A negative nice value means higher priority, whereas a positive nice value           means lower priority.  Zero in this field simply means priority will  not  be  adjusted  in  determining  a           task's dispatch-ability.       14. NU  --  Last known NUMA node           A number representing the NUMA node associated with the last used processor (`P').  When -1 is displayed it           means that NUMA information is not available.           See the `'2' and `3' interactive commands for additional NUMA provisions affecting the summary area.       15. OOMa  --  Out of Memory Adjustment Factor           The value, ranging from -1000 to +1000, added to the current out of memory score (OOMs) which is then  used           to determine which task to kill when memory is exhausted.       16. OOMs  --  Out of Memory Score           The  value,  ranging  from  0  to  +1000,  used  to  select task(s) to kill when memory is exhausted.  Zero           translates to `never kill' whereas 1000 means `always kill'.       17. P  --  Last used CPU (SMP)           A number representing the last used  processor.   In  a  true  SMP  environment  this  will  likely  change           frequently  since the kernel intentionally uses weak affinity.  Also, the very act of running top may break           this weak affinity and cause more processes to change CPUs more often (because of the extra demand for  cpu           time).       18. PGRP  --  Process Group Id           Every  process  is  member  of  a  unique  process  group  which is used for distribution of signals and by           terminals to arbitrate requests for their input and output.  When a process is created (forked), it becomes           a  member of the process group of its parent.  By convention, this value equals the process ID (see PID) of           the first member of a process group, called the process group leader.       19. PID  --  Process Id           The task's unique process ID, which periodically wraps, though never restarting at zero.  In kernel  terms,           it is a dispatchable entity defined by a task_struct.           This  value  may  also  be used as: a process group ID (see PGRP); a session ID for the session leader (see           SID); a thread group ID for the thread group leader (see TGID); and a TTY process group ID for the  process           group leader (see TPGID).       20. PPID  --  Parent Process Id           The process ID (pid) of a task's parent.       21. PR  --  Priority           The  scheduling  priority  of  the task.  If you see `rt' in this field, it means the task is running under           real time scheduling priority.           Under linux, real time priority is somewhat misleading since traditionally the  operating  itself  was  not           preemptible.  And while the 2.6 kernel can be made mostly preemptible, it is not always so.       22. RES  --  Resident Memory Size (KiB)           A  subset  of  the  virtual  address  space  (VIRT)  representing the non-swapped physical memory a task is           currently using.  It is also the sum of the RSan, RSfd and RSsh fields.           It can include private anonymous pages, private pages mapped to files (including program images and  shared           libraries)  plus shared anonymous pages.  All such memory is backed by the swap file represented separately           under SWAP.           Lastly, this field may also include shared file-backed pages which, when modified, act as a dedicated  swap           file and thus will never impact SWAP.           See `OVERVIEW, Linux Memory Types' for additional details.       23. RSan  --  Resident Anonymous Memory Size (KiB)           A subset of resident memory (RES) representing private pages not mapped to a file.       24. RSfd  --  Resident File-Backed Memory Size (KiB)           A  subset  of  resident memory (RES) representing the implicitly shared pages supporting program images and           shared libraries.  It also includes explicit file mappings, both private and shared.       25. RSlk  --  Resident Locked Memory Size (KiB)           A subset of resident memory (RES) which cannot be swapped out.       26. RSsh  --  Resident Shared Memory Size (KiB)           A subset of resident memory (RES) representing the explicitly shared anonymous shm*/mmap pages.       27. RUID  --  Real User Id           The real user ID.       28. RUSER  --  Real User Name           The real user name.       29. S  --  Process Status           The status of the task which can be one of:               D = uninterruptible sleep               I = idle               R = running               S = sleeping               T = stopped by job control signal               t = stopped by debugger during trace               Z = zombie           Tasks shown as running should be more properly thought of as ready to run  --  their task_struct is  simply           represented  on  the  Linux run-queue.  Even without a true SMP machine, you may see numerous tasks in this           state depending on top's delay interval and nice value.       30. SHR  --  Shared Memory Size (KiB)           A subset of resident memory (RES) that may be used by other processes.  It will  include  shared  anonymous           pages  and  shared  file-backed pages.  It also includes private pages mapped to files representing program           images and shared libraries.           See `OVERVIEW, Linux Memory Types' for additional details.       31. SID  --  Session Id           A session is a collection of process groups (see PGRP), usually established by the login  shell.   A  newly           forked process joins the session of its creator.  By convention, this value equals the process ID (see PID)           of the first member of the session, called the session leader, which is usually the login shell.       32. SUID  --  Saved User Id           The saved user ID.       33. SUPGIDS  --  Supplementary Group IDs           The IDs of any supplementary group(s) established at login or inherited from a  task's  parent.   They  are           displayed in a comma delimited list.           Note:  The  SUPGIDS  field,  unlike  most  columns,  is not fixed-width.  When displayed, it plus any other           variable width columns will be allocated all remaining screen width (up to  the  maximum  512  characters).           Even  so,  such  variable width fields could still suffer truncation.  See topic 5c. SCROLLING a Window for           additional information on accessing any truncated data.       34. SUPGRPS  --  Supplementary Group Names           The names of any supplementary group(s) established at login or inherited from a task's parent.   They  are           displayed in a comma delimited list.           Note:  The  SUPGRPS  field,  unlike  most  columns,  is not fixed-width.  When displayed, it plus any other           variable width columns will be allocated all remaining screen width (up to  the  maximum  512  characters).           Even  so,  such  variable width fields could still suffer truncation.  See topic 5c. SCROLLING a Window for           additional information on accessing any truncated data.       35. SUSER  --  Saved User Name           The saved user name.       36. SWAP  --  Swapped Size (KiB)           The formerly resident portion of a task's address space written to  the  swap  file  when  physical  memory           becomes over committed.           See `OVERVIEW, Linux Memory Types' for additional details.       37. TGID  --  Thread Group Id           The  ID  of the thread group to which a task belongs.  It is the PID of the thread group leader.  In kernel           terms, it represents those tasks that share an mm_struct.       38. TIME  --  CPU Time           Total CPU time the task has used since it started.  When Cumulative mode is On, each process is listed with           the cpu time that it and its dead children have used.  You toggle Cumulative mode with `S', which is both a           command-line option and an interactive command.  See the `S' interactive command for additional information           regarding this mode.       39. TIME+  --  CPU Time, hundredths           The same as TIME, but reflecting more granularity through hundredths of a second.       40. TPGID  --  Tty Process Group Id           The  process  group ID of the foreground process for the connected tty, or -1 if a process is not connected           to a terminal.  By convention, this value equals the process ID (see PID) of the process group leader  (see           PGRP).       41. TTY  --  Controlling Tty           The  name  of the controlling terminal.  This is usually the device (serial port, pty, etc.) from which the           process was started, and which it uses for input or output.  However, a task need not be associated with  a           terminal, in which case you'll see `?' displayed.       42. UID  --  User Id           The effective user ID of the task's owner.       43. USED  --  Memory in Use (KiB)           This field represents the non-swapped physical memory a task is using (RES) plus the swapped out portion of           its address space (SWAP).           See `OVERVIEW, Linux Memory Types' for additional details.       44. USER  --  User Name           The effective user name of the task's owner.       45. VIRT  --  Virtual Memory Size (KiB)           The total amount of virtual memory used by the task.  It includes all code, data and shared libraries  plus           pages that have been swapped out and pages that have been mapped but not used.           See `OVERVIEW, Linux Memory Types' for additional details.       46. WCHAN  --  Sleeping in Function           This  field  will  show  the  name of the kernel function in which the task is currently sleeping.  Running           tasks will display a dash (`-') in this column.       47. nDRT  --  Dirty Pages Count           The number of pages that have been modified since they were last written to auxiliary storage.  Dirty pages           must be written to auxiliary storage before the corresponding physical memory location can be used for some           other virtual page.           This field was deprecated with linux 2.6 and is always zero.       48. nMaj  --  Major Page Fault Count           The number of major page faults that have occurred for a task.  A page fault occurs when a process attempts           to  read  from or write to a virtual page that is not currently present in its address space.  A major page           fault is when auxiliary storage access is involved in making that page available.       49. nMin  --  Minor Page Fault count           The number of minor page faults that have occurred for a task.  A page fault occurs when a process attempts           to  read  from or write to a virtual page that is not currently present in its address space.  A minor page           fault does not involve auxiliary storage access in making that page available.       50. nTH  --  Number of Threads           The number of threads associated with a process.       51. nsIPC  --  IPC namespace           The Inode of the namespace used to isolate interprocess communication (IPC) resources such as System V  IPC           objects and POSIX message queues.       52. nsMNT  --  MNT namespace           The  Inode  of  the  namespace used to isolate filesystem mount points thus offering different views of the           filesystem hierarchy.       53. nsNET  --  NET namespace           The Inode of the namespace used to isolate resources such as network devices,  IP  addresses,  IP  routing,           port numbers, etc.       54. nsPID  --  PID namespace           The  Inode  of the namespace used to isolate process ID numbers meaning they need not remain unique.  Thus,           each such namespace could have its own `init/systemd' (PID #1) to manage various initialization  tasks  and           reap orphaned child processes.       55. nsUSER  --  USER namespace           The  Inode  of  the  namespace used to isolate the user and group ID numbers.  Thus, a process could have a           normal unprivileged user ID outside a user  namespace  while  having  a  user  ID  of  0,  with  full  root           privileges, inside that namespace.       56. nsUTS  --  UTS namespace           The  Inode  of  the  namespace  used to isolate hostname and NIS domain name.  UTS simply means "UNIX Time-           sharing System".       57. vMj  --  Major Page Fault Count Delta           The number of major page faults that have occurred since the last update (see nMaj).       58. vMn  --  Minor Page Fault Count Delta           The number of minor page faults that have occurred since the last update (see nMin).   3b. MANAGING Fields       After pressing the interactive command `f' or `F' (Fields Management) you  will  be  presented  with  a  screen       showing: 1) the `current' window name; 2) the designated sort field; 3) all fields in their current order along       with descriptions.  Entries  marked  with  an  asterisk  are  the  currently  displayed  fields,  screen  width       permitting.           •  As  the  on screen instructions indicate, you navigate among the fields with the Up and Down arrow keys.              The PgUp, PgDn, Home and End keys can also be used to quickly reach the first or last available field.           •  The Right arrow key selects a field for repositioning and the Left arrow key or the <Enter> key  commits              that field's placement.           •  The `d' key or the <Space> bar toggles a field's display status, and thus the presence or absence of the              asterisk.           •  The `s' key designates a field as the sort field.   See  topic  4c.  TASK  AREA  Commands,  SORTING  for              additional information regarding your selection of a sort field.           •  The  `a'  and `w' keys can be used to cycle through all available windows and the `q' or <Esc> keys exit              Fields Management.       The Fields Management screen can also be used to change the `current' window/field group in either  full-screen       mode  or  alternate-display  mode.  Whatever was targeted when `q' or <Esc> was pressed will be made current as       you return to the top display.  See topic 5. ALTERNATE-DISPLAY Provisions and the `g' interactive  command  for       insight into `current' windows and field groups.       Note: Any window that has been scrolled horizontally will be reset if any field changes are made via the Fields       Management screen.  Any vertical scrolled position, however, will not be affected.  See topic 5c.  SCROLLING  a       Window for additional information regarding vertical and horizontal scrolling.4. INTERACTIVE Commands       Listed  below  is  a brief index of commands within categories.  Some commands appear more than once  --  their       meaning or scope may vary depending on the context in which they are issued.         4a. Global-Commands               <Ent/Sp> ?, =, 0,               A, B, d, E, e, g, h, H, I, k, q, r, s, W, X, Y, Z         4b. Summary-Area-Commands               C, l, t, m, 1, 2, 3, 4, !         4c. Task-Area-Commands               Appearance:  b, J, j, x, y, z               Content:     c, f, F, o, O, S, u, U, V, v               Size:        #, i, n               Sorting:     <, >, f, F, R         4d. Color-Mapping               <Ret>, a, B, b, H, M, q, S, T, w, z, 0 - 7         5b. Commands-for-Windows               -, _, =, +, A, a, g, G, w         5c. Scrolling-a-Window               C, Up, Dn, Left, Right, PgUp, PgDn, Home, End         5d. Searching-in-a-Window               L, &   4a. GLOBAL Commands       The global interactive commands are always available in  both  full-screen  mode  and  alternate-display  mode.       However, some of these interactive commands are not available when running in Secure mode.       If  you  wish  to  know  in  advance whether or not your top has been secured, simply ask for help and view the       system summary on the second line.         <Enter> or <Space>  :Refresh-Display              These commands awaken top and following receipt of any input the entire display will be repainted.  They              also force an update of any hotplugged cpu or physical memory changes.              Use either of these keys if you have a large delay interval and wish to see current status,          ? | h  :Help              There  are  two  help  levels available.  The first will provide a reminder of all the basic interactive              commands.  If top is secured, that screen will be abbreviated.              Typing `h' or `?' on that help screen will take you to help for those interactive commands applicable to              alternate-display mode.          =  :Exit-Display-Limits              Removes  restrictions on what is shown.  This command will reverse any `i' (idle tasks), `n' (max tasks)              and `v' (hide children) commands that  might  be  active.   It  also  provides  for  an  exit  from  PID              monitoring, User filtering, Other filtering, Locate processing and Combine Cpus mode.              Additionally, if the window has been scrolled it will be reset with this command.          0  :Zero-Suppress toggle              This  command  determines whether zeros are shown or suppressed for many of the fields in a task window.              Fields like UID, GID, NI, PR or P are not affected by this toggle.          A  :Alternate-Display-Mode toggle              This  command  will  switch  between  full-screen  mode  and  alternate-display  mode.   See  topic   5.              ALTERNATE-DISPLAY  Provisions  and  the  `g'  interactive command for insight into `current' windows and              field groups.          B  :Bold-Disable/Enable toggle              This command will influence use of the bold terminfo capability and alters both  the  summary  area  and              task  area for the `current' window.  While it is intended primarily for use with dumb terminals, it can              be applied anytime.              Note: When this toggle is On and top is operating in monochrome mode, the entire display will appear  as              normal  text.   Thus, unless the `x' and/or `y' toggles are using reverse for emphasis, there will be no              visual confirmation that they are even on.       *  d | s  :Change-Delay-Time-interval              You will be prompted to enter the delay time, in seconds, between display updates.              Fractional seconds are honored, but a negative number  is  not  allowed.   Entering  0  causes  (nearly)              continuous  updates,  with  an  unsatisfactory  display as the system and tty driver try to keep up with              top's demands.  The delay value is inversely proportional to system loading, so set it with care.              If at any time you wish to know the current delay time, simply ask for help and view the system  summary              on the second line.          E  :Enforce-Summary-Memory-Scale in Summary Area              With  this command you can cycle through the available summary area memory scaling which ranges from KiB              (kibibytes or 1,024 bytes) through EiB (exbibytes or 1,152,921,504,606,846,976 bytes).              If you see a `+' between a displayed number and the following label, it means that  top  was  forced  to              truncate some portion of that number.  By raising the scaling factor, such truncation can be avoided.          e  :Enforce-Task-Memory-Scale in Task Area              With  this  command  you  can cycle through the available task area memory scaling which ranges from KiB              (kibibytes or 1,024 bytes) through PiB (pebibytes or 1,125,899,906,842,624 bytes).              While top will try to honor the selected target range, additional scaling might still  be  necessary  in              order  to  accommodate  current  values.   If  you  wish  to see a more homogeneous result in the memory              columns, raising the scaling range will usually accomplish that goal.  Raising it too high, however,  is              likely to produce an all zero result which cannot be suppressed with the `0' interactive command.          g  :Choose-Another-Window/Field-Group              You  will be prompted to enter a number between 1 and 4 designating the field group which should be made              the `current'  window.   You  will  soon  grow  comfortable  with  these  4  windows,  especially  after              experimenting with alternate-display mode.          H  :Threads-mode toggle              When  this  toggle  is  On,  individual  threads will be displayed for all processes in all visible task              windows.  Otherwise, top displays a summation of all threads in each process.          I  :Irix/Solaris-Mode toggle              When operating in Solaris mode (`I' toggled Off), a task's cpu usage will be divided by the total number              of CPUs.  After issuing this command, you'll be told the new state of this toggle.       *  k  :Kill-a-task              You will be prompted for a PID and then the signal to send.              Entering  no  PID or a negative number will be interpreted as the default shown in the prompt (the first              task displayed).  A PID value of zero means the top program itself.              The default signal, as reflected in the prompt, is SIGTERM.  However,  you  can  send  any  signal,  via              number or name.              If you wish to abort the kill process, do one of the following depending on your progress:                  1) at the pid prompt, type an invalid number                  2) at the signal prompt, type 0 (or any invalid signal)                  3) at any prompt, type <Esc>          q  :Quit       *  r  :Renice-a-Task              You will be prompted for a PID and then the value to nice it to.              Entering  no  PID or a negative number will be interpreted as the default shown in the prompt (the first              task displayed).  A PID value of zero means the top program itself.              A positive nice value will cause a process to lose priority.  Conversely, a  negative  nice  value  will              cause  a  process to be viewed more favorably by the kernel.  As a general rule, ordinary users can only              increase the nice value and are prevented from lowering it.              If you wish to abort the renice process, do one of the following depending on your progress:                  1) at the pid prompt, type an invalid number                  2) at the nice prompt, type <Enter> with no input                  3) at any prompt, type <Esc>          W  :Write-the-Configuration-File              This will save all of your options and toggles plus the current display mode and delay time.  By issuing              this command just before quitting top, you will be able restart later in exactly that same state.          X  :Extra-Fixed-Width              Some  fields  are  fixed width and not scalable.  As such, they are subject to truncation which would be              indicated by a `+' in the last position.              This interactive command can be used to alter the widths of the following fields:                  field  default    field  default    field  default                  GID       5       GROUP     8       WCHAN    10                  RUID      5       LXC       8       nsIPC    10                  SUID      5       RUSER     8       nsMNT    10                  UID       5       SUSER     8       nsNET    10                                    TTY       8       nsPID    10                                    USER      8       nsUSER   10                                                      nsUTS    10              You will be prompted for the amount to be added to the default widths shown above.  Entering zero forces              a return to those defaults.              If you enter a negative number, top will automatically increase the column size as needed until there is              no more truncated data.  You can accelerate this process by reducing the delay interval or holding  down              the <Space> bar.              Note:  Whether explicitly or automatically increased, the widths for these fields are never decreased by              top.  To narrow them you must specify a smaller number or restore the defaults.          Y  :Inspect-Other-Output              After issuing the `Y' interactive command, you will be prompted for a target PID.   Typing  a  value  or              accepting  the default results in a separate screen.  That screen can be used to view a variety of files              or piped command output while the normal top iterative display is paused.              Note: This interactive command is only fully realized when supporting entries have been  manually  added              to  the  end of the top configuration file.  For details on creating those entries, see topic 6b. ADDING              INSPECT Entries.              Most of the keys used to navigate the Inspect feature are reflected in its header prologue.  There  are,              however,  additional  keys  available  once  you  have  selected a particular file or command.  They are              familiar to anyone who has used the pager `less' and are summarized here for future reference.                  key      function                  =        alternate status-line, file or pipeline                  /        find, equivalent to `L' locate                  n        find next, equivalent to `&' locate next                  <Space>  scroll down, equivalent to <PgDn>                  b        scroll up, equivalent to <PgUp>                  g        first line, equivalent to <Home>                  G        last line, equivalent to <End>          Z  :Change-Color-Mapping              This key will take you to a separate screen where you can change the colors for the `current' window, or              for all windows.  For details regarding this interactive command see topic 4d. COLOR Mapping.       *  The  commands  shown  with an asterisk (`*') are not available in Secure mode, nor will they be shown on the          level-1 help screen.   4b. SUMMARY AREA Commands       The summary area interactive commands are always available in both full-screen mode and alternate-display mode.       They affect the beginning lines of your display and will determine the position of messages and prompts.       These  commands always impact just the `current' window/field group.  See topic 5. ALTERNATE-DISPLAY Provisions       and the `g' interactive command for insight into `current' windows and field groups.          C  :Show-scroll-coordinates toggle              Toggle an informational message which is displayed whenever the message  line  is  not  otherwise  being              used.  For additional information see topic 5c. SCROLLING a Window.          l  :Load-Average/Uptime toggle              This is also the line containing the program name (possibly an alias) when operating in full-screen mode              or the `current' window name when operating in alternate-display mode.          t  :Task/Cpu-States toggle              This command affects from 2 to many summary area lines, depending on the state of the `1',  `2'  or  `3'              command toggles and whether or not top is running under true SMP.              This  portion of the summary area is also influenced by the `H' interactive command toggle, as reflected              in the total label which shows either Tasks or Threads.              This command serves as a 4-way toggle, cycling through these modes:                  1. detailed percentages by category                  2. abbreviated user/system and total % + bar graph                  3. abbreviated user/system and total % + block graph                  4. turn off task and cpu states display              When operating in either of the graphic modes, the display becomes much more meaningful when  individual              CPUs  or  NUMA  nodes  are  also  displayed.  See the the `1', `2' and `3' commands below for additional              information.          m  :Memory/Swap-Usage toggle              This command affects the two summary area lines dealing with physical and virtual memory.              This command serves as a 4-way toggle, cycling through these modes:                  1. detailed percentages by memory type                  2. abbreviated % used/total available + bar graph                  3. abbreviated % used/total available + block graph                  4. turn off memory display          1  :Single/Separate-Cpu-States toggle              This command affects how the `t' command's Cpu States portion is shown.   Although  this  toggle  exists              primarily to serve massively-parallel SMP machines, it is not restricted to solely SMP environments.              When you see `%Cpu(s):' in the summary area, the `1' toggle is On and all cpu information is gathered in              a single line.  Otherwise, each cpu is displayed separately as: `%Cpu0, %Cpu1,  ...'   up  to  available              screen height.          2  :NUMA-Nodes/Cpu-Summary toggle              This  command  toggles  between the `1' command cpu summary display (only) or a summary display plus the              cpu usage statistics for each NUMA Node.  It is only available  if  a  system  has  the  requisite  NUMA              support.          3  :Expand-NUMA-Node              You  will  be  invited  to enter a number representing a NUMA Node.  Thereafter, a node summary plus the              statistics for each cpu in that node will be shown until the `1', `2' or `4' command toggle is  pressed.              This interactive command is only available if a system has the requisite NUMA support.          4  :Display-Cpus-Two-Abreast              This command turns the `1' toggle Off for individual cpu display but prints the results two abreast.  It              requires a terminal with a minimum width of 80 columns.  If a terminal's width is  decreased  below  the              minimum while top is running, top reverts to the normal `1' toggle Off state.              To avoid truncation when displaying detailed cpu statistcs, as opposed to the graphic representations, a              minimum width of 165 columns would be required.          !  :Combine-Cpus-Mode              This command toggle is intended for massively parallel SMP environments where, even with the `4' command              toggle,  not  all  processors  can  be displayed.  With each press of `!' the number of additional cpu's              combined is doubled thus reducing the total number of cpu lines displayed.              For example, with the first press of `!' one additional cpu will be combined and displayed as `0-1, 2-3,              ...'  instead  of  the  normal  `%Cpu0, %Cpu1, %Cpu2, %Cpu3, ...'.  With a second `!' command toggle two              additional cpus are combined and shown as `0-2, 3-5, ...'.  Then the third  '!'  press,  combining  four              additional cpus, shows as `0-4, 5-9, ...', etc.              Such  progression  continues  until individual cpus are again displayed and impacts both the `1' and `4'              toggles (one or two columns).  Use the `=' command to exit Combine Cpus mode.       Note: If the entire summary area has been toggled Off for any window, you would be left with just  the  message       line.   In  that way, you will have maximized available task rows but (temporarily) sacrificed the program name       in full-screen mode or the `current' window name when in alternate-display mode.   4c. TASK AREA Commands       The task area interactive commands are always available in full-screen mode.       The task area interactive commands are never available in alternate-display mode if the `current' window's task       display has been toggled Off (see topic 5. ALTERNATE-DISPLAY Provisions).       APPEARANCE of task window          J  :Justify-Numeric-Columns toggle              Alternates  between  right-justified (the default) and left-justified numeric data.  If the numeric data              completely fills the available column, this command toggle may impact the column header only.          j  :Justify-Character-Columns toggle              Alternates between left-justified (the default) and right-justified character data.   If  the  character              data completely fills the available column, this command toggle may impact the column header only.         The following commands will also be influenced by the state of the global `B' (bold enable) toggle.          b  :Bold/Reverse toggle              This command will impact how the `x' and `y' toggles are displayed.  It may also impact the summary area              when a bar graph has been selected for cpu states or memory usage via the `t' or `m' toggles.          x  :Column-Highlight toggle              Changes highlighting for the current sort field.  If you forget which field is being sorted this command              can serve as a quick visual reminder, providing the sort field is being displayed.  The sort field might              not be visible because:                  1) there is insufficient Screen Width                  2) the `f' interactive command turned it Off              Note: Whenever Searching  and/or  Other  Filtering  is  active  in  a  window,  column  highlighting  is              temporarily  disabled.   See  the  notes  at  the  end  of topics 5d. SEARCHING and 5e. FILTERING for an              explanation why.          y  :Row-Highlight toggle              Changes highlighting for "running" tasks.  For additional insight into this task state,  see  topic  3a.              DESCRIPTIONS of Fields, the `S' field (Process Status).              Use  of  this  provision provides important insight into your system's health.  The only costs will be a              few additional tty escape sequences.          z  :Color/Monochrome toggle              Switches the `current' window between your last used color scheme and the older form  of  black-on-white              or  white-on-black.  This command will alter both the summary area and task area but does not affect the              state of the `x', `y' or `b' toggles.       CONTENT of task window          c  :Command-Line/Program-Name toggle              This command will be honored whether or not the COMMAND column is currently visible.  Later, should that              field come into view, the change you applied will be seen.          f | F  :Fields-Management              These  keys  display  a separate screen where you can change which fields are displayed, their order and              also designate the sort field.  For additional information on these interactive commands see  topic  3b.              MANAGING Fields.          o | O  :Other-Filtering              You  will  be prompted for the selection criteria which then determines which tasks will be shown in the              `current' window.  Your criteria can be made case sensitive or case can be ignored.  And  you  determine              if top should include or exclude matching tasks.              See topic 5e. FILTERING in a window for details on these and additional related interactive commands.          S  :Cumulative-Time-Mode toggle              When  Cumulative mode is On, each process is listed with the cpu time that it and its dead children have              used.              When Off, programs that fork into many separate tasks will appear less  demanding.   For  programs  like              `init'  or a shell this is appropriate but for others, like compilers, perhaps not.  Experiment with two              task windows sharing the same sort field but with different `S' states and see which representation  you              prefer.              After  issuing this command, you'll be informed of the new state of this toggle.  If you wish to know in              advance whether or not Cumulative mode is in effect, simply ask for help and view the window summary  on              the second line.          u | U  :Show-Specific-User-Only              You  will  be  prompted for the uid or name of the user to display.  The -u option matches on  effective              user whereas the -U option matches on any user (real, effective, saved, or filesystem).              Thereafter, in that task window only matching users will be shown, or  possibly  no  processes  will  be              shown.   Prepending  an  exclamation  point  (`!')  to the user id or name instructs top to display only              processes with users not matching the one provided.              Different task windows can be used to filter different users.  Later, if you wish to monitor  all  users              again in the `current' window, re-issue this command but just press <Enter> at the prompt.          V  :Forest-View-Mode toggle              In  this  mode,  processes are reordered according to their parents and the layout of the COMMAND column              resembles that of a tree.  In forest view mode it is still possible to toggle between program  name  and              command line (see the `c' interactive command) or between processes and threads (see the `H' interactive              command).              Note: Typing any key affecting the sort order will exit forest view mode in the `current'  window.   See              topic 4c. TASK AREA Commands, SORTING for information on those keys.          v  :Hide/Show-Children toggle              When in forest view mode, this key serves as a toggle to collapse or expand the children of a parent.              The  toggle  is  applied  against  the  first  (topmost) process in the `current' window.  See topic 5c.              SCROLLING a Window for additional information regarding vertical scrolling.              If the target process has not forked any children, this key has no effect.  It also has no  effect  when              not in forest view mode.       SIZE of task window          i  :Idle-Process toggle              Displays  all  tasks  or  just  active tasks.  When this toggle is Off, tasks that have not used any CPU              since the last update will not be displayed.  However, due to the granularity  of  the  %CPU  and  TIME+              fields, some processes may still be displayed that appear to have used no CPU.              If  this  command  is  applied to the last task display when in alternate-display mode, then it will not              affect the window's size, as all prior task displays will have already been painted.          n | #  :Set-Maximum-Tasks              You will be prompted to enter the number of tasks to display.  The lessor of your number  and  available              screen rows will be used.              When used in alternate-display mode, this is the command that gives you precise control over the size of              each currently visible task display, except for the very last.  It will not  affect  the  last  window's              size, as all prior task displays will have already been painted.              Note:  If you wish to increase the size of the last visible task display when in alternate-display mode,              simply decrease the size of the task display(s) above it.       SORTING of task window          For compatibility, this top supports most of the former top sort keys.  Since this is primarily a service to          former top users, these commands do not appear on any help screen.                command   sorted-field                  supported                A         start time (non-display)      No                M         %MEM                          Yes                N         PID                           Yes                P         %CPU                          Yes                T         TIME+                         Yes          Before  using  any  of  the  following  sort  provisions,  top  suggests that you temporarily turn on column          highlighting using the `x' interactive command.  That will help ensure  that  the  actual  sort  environment          matches your intent.          The  following  interactive  commands will only be honored when the current sort field is visible.  The sort          field might not be visible because:                1) there is insufficient Screen Width                2) the `f' interactive command turned it Off             <  :Move-Sort-Field-Left                 Moves the sort column to the left unless the current sort field is the first field being displayed.             >  :Move-Sort-Field-Right                 Moves the sort column to the right unless the current sort field is the last field being displayed.          The following interactive commands will always be honored whether or not the current sort field is visible.             f | F  :Fields-Management                 These keys display a separate screen where you can change which field is used  as  the  sort  column,                 among  other  functions.   This can be a convenient way to simply verify the current sort field, when                 running top with column highlighting turned Off.             R  :Reverse/Normal-Sort-Field toggle                 Using this interactive command you can alternate between high-to-low and low-to-high sorts.          Note: Field sorting uses internal values, not those in column display.  Thus, the TTY and WCHAN fields  will          violate strict ASCII collating sequence.   4d. COLOR Mapping       When  you  issue the `Z' interactive command, you will be presented with a separate screen.  That screen can be       used to change the colors in just the `current' window or in all four  windows  before  returning  to  the  top       display.       The following interactive commands are available.           4 upper case letters to select a target           8 numbers to select a color           normal toggles available               B         :bold disable/enable               b         :running tasks "bold"/reverse               z         :color/mono           other commands available               a/w       :apply, then go to next/prior               <Enter>   :apply and exit               q         :abandon current changes and exit       If  you  use `a' or `w' to cycle the targeted window, you will have applied the color scheme that was displayed       when you left that window.  You can, of course, easily return to any window and  reapply  different  colors  or       turn colors Off completely with the `z' toggle.       The Color Mapping screen can also be used to change the `current' window/field group in either full-screen mode       or alternate-display mode.  Whatever was targeted when `q' or <Enter> was pressed will be made current  as  you       return to the top display.5. ALTERNATE-DISPLAY Provisions   5a. WINDOWS Overview       Field Groups/Windows:          In full-screen mode there is a single window represented by the entire screen.  That single window can still          be changed to display 1 of 4 different field groups (see the `g' interactive command, repeated below).  Each          of the 4 field groups has a unique separately configurable summary area and its own configurable task area.          In alternate-display mode, those 4 underlying field groups can now be made visible simultaneously, or can be          turned Off individually at your command.          The summary area will always exist, even if it's only the message line.  At any given time only one  summary          area  can be displayed.  However, depending on your commands, there could be from zero to four separate task          displays currently showing on the screen.       Current Window:          The `current' window is the window associated with the summary area and the window  to  which  task  related          commands  are  always  directed.   Since in alternate-display mode you can toggle the task display Off, some          commands might be restricted for the `current' window.          A further complication arises when you have toggled the first summary area line Off.  With the loss  of  the          window name (the `l' toggled line), you'll not easily know what window is the `current' window.   5b. COMMANDS for Windows          - | _  :Show/Hide-Window(s) toggles              The  `-'  key turns the `current' window's task display On and Off.  When On, that task area will show a              minimum of the columns header you've established with the `f' interactive command.  It will also reflect              any other task area options/toggles you've applied yielding zero or more tasks.              The  `_'  key  does  the  same for all task displays.  In other words, it switches between the currently              visible task display(s) and any task display(s) you had  toggled  Off.   If  all  4  task  displays  are              currently visible, this interactive command will leave the summary area as the only display element.       *  = | +  :Equalize/Reset-Window(s)              The  `='  key forces the `current' window's task display to be visible.  It also reverses any active `i'              (idle tasks), `n' (max tasks), `u/U' (user filter), `o/O'  (other  filter),  `v'  (hide  children),  `L'              (locate)  and `!' (combine cpus) commands.  Also, if the window had been scrolled, it will be reset with              this command.  See topic 5c. SCROLLING a  Window  for  additional  information  regarding  vertical  and              horizontal scrolling.              The `+' key does the same for all windows.  The four task displays will reappear, evenly balanced, while              retaining any customizations previously applied beyond those noted for the `=' command toggle.       *  A  :Alternate-Display-Mode toggle              This command will switch between full-screen mode and alternate-display mode.              The first time you issue this command, all four task displays will be shown.  Thereafter when you switch              modes, you will see only the task display(s) you've chosen to make visible.       *  a | w  :Next-Window-Forward/Backward              This  will change the `current' window, which in turn changes the window to which commands are directed.              These keys act in a circular fashion so you can reach any desired window using either key.              Assuming the window name is visible (you have not toggled `l' Off), whenever the `current'  window  name              loses  its  emphasis/color,  that's  a  reminder  the  task  display  is  Off  and many commands will be              restricted.       *  g  :Choose-Another-Window/Field-Group              You will be prompted to enter a number between 1 and 4 designating the field group which should be  made              the `current' window.              In  full-screen  mode,  this  command  is necessary to alter the `current' window.  In alternate-display              mode, it is simply a less convenient alternative to the `a' and `w' commands.          G  :Change-Window/Field-Group-Name              You will be prompted for a new name to be applied to the `current' window.  It does not require that the              window name be visible (the `l' toggle to be On).       *  The interactive commands shown with an asterisk (`*') have use beyond alternate-display mode.              =, A, g    are always available              a, w       act the same with color mapping                         and fields management   5c. SCROLLING a Window       Typically  a  task  window  is a partial view into a systems's total tasks/threads which shows only some of the       available fields/columns.  With these scrolling keys, you can move that  view  vertically  or  horizontally  to       reveal any desired task or column.       Up,PgUp  :Scroll-Tasks           Move  the  view up toward the first task row, until the first task is displayed at the top of the `current'           window.  The Up arrow key moves a single line while PgUp scrolls the entire window.       Down,PgDn  :Scroll-Tasks           Move the view down toward the last task row, until the last task is the only task displayed at the  top  of           the `current' window.  The Down arrow key moves a single line while PgDn scrolls the entire window.       Left,Right  :Scroll-Columns           Move the view of displayable fields horizontally one column at a time.           Note:  As a reminder, some fields/columns are not fixed-width but allocated all remaining screen width when           visible.  When scrolling right or left, that feature may produce some unexpected results initially.           Additionally, there are special provisions for any  variable  width  field  when  positioned  as  the  last           displayed  field.   Once  that field is reached via the right arrow key, and is thus the only column shown,           you can continue scrolling horizontally within such a field.  See the `C'  interactive  command  below  for           additional information.       Home  :Jump-to-Home-Position           Reposition the display to the un-scrolled coordinates.       End  :Jump-to-End-Position           Reposition the display so that the rightmost column reflects the last displayable field and the bottom task           row represents the last task.           Note: From this position it is still possible to scroll down and right using the arrow keys.  This is  true           until a single column and a single task is left as the only display element.       C  :Show-scroll-coordinates toggle           Toggle  an  informational message which is displayed whenever the message line is not otherwise being used.           That message will take one of two forms depending on whether or not a variable width column has  also  been           scrolled.             scroll coordinates: y = n/n (tasks), x = n/n (fields)             scroll coordinates: y = n/n (tasks), x = n/n (fields) + nn           The coordinates shown as n/n are relative to the upper left corner of the `current' window.  The additional           `+ nn' represents the displacement into a variable width column when it  has  been  scrolled  horizontally.           Such displacement occurs in normal 8 character tab stop amounts via the right and left arrow keys.           y = n/n (tasks)               The  first  n represents the topmost visible task and is controlled by scrolling keys.  The second n is               updated automatically to reflect total tasks.           x = n/n (fields)               The first n represents the leftmost displayed column and is controlled by scrolling keys.  The second n               is the total number of displayable fields and is established with the `f' interactive command.       The   above   interactive   commands   are  always  available  in  full-screen  mode  but  never  available  in       alternate-display mode if the `current' window's task display has been toggled Off.       Note: When any form of filtering is active, you can expect some slight aberrations when scrolling since not all       tasks will be visible.  This is particularly apparent when using the Up/Down arrow keys.   5d. SEARCHING in a Window       You can use these interactive commands to locate a task row containing a particular value.       L  :Locate-a-string           You  will be prompted for the case-sensitive string to locate starting from the current window coordinates.           There are no restrictions on search string content.           Searches are not limited to values from a single field or column.  All of the values displayed  in  a  task           row are allowed in a search string.  You may include spaces, numbers, symbols and even forest view artwork.           Keying <Enter> with no input will effectively disable the `&' key until a new search string is entered.       &  :Locate-next           Assuming a search string has been established, top will attempt to locate the next occurrence.       When  a match is found, the current window is repositioned vertically so the task row containing that string is       first.  The scroll coordinates message can provide confirmation of such vertical  repositioning  (see  the  `C'       interactive command).  Horizontal scrolling, however, is never altered via searching.       The availability of a matching string will be influenced by the following factors.          a. Which fields are displayable from the total available,             see topic 3b. MANAGING Fields.          b. Scrolling a window vertically and/or horizontally,             see topic 5c. SCROLLING a Window.          c. The state of the command/command-line toggle,             see the `c' interactive command.          d. The stability of the chosen sort column,             for example PID is good but %CPU bad.       If  a  search  fails,  restoring  the  `current'  window  home  (unscrolled)  position, scrolling horizontally,       displaying command-lines or choosing a more stable sort field could yet produce a successful `&' search.       The  above  interactive  commands  are  always  available  in  full-screen  mode   but   never   available   in       alternate-display mode if the `current' window's task display has been toggled Off.       Note:  Whenever  a Search is active in a window, top will turn column highlighting Off to prevent false matches       on internal non-display escape sequences.  Such highlighting will be restored when a window's search string  is       empty.  See the `x' interactive command for additional information on sort column highlighting.   5e. FILTERING in a Window       You  can  use this `Other Filter' feature to establish selection criteria which will then determine which tasks       are shown in the `current' window.  Such filters can be made presistent if preserved in the rcfile via the  'W'       interactive command.       Establishing  a filter requires: 1) a field name; 2) an operator; and 3) a selection value, as a minimum.  This       is the most complex of top's user input requirements so, when you make a mistake, command recall will  be  your       friend.  Remember the Up/Down arrow keys or their aliases when prompted for input.       Filter Basics          1. field names are case sensitive and spelled as in the header          2. selection values need not comprise the full displayed field          3. a selection is either case insensitive or sensitive to case          4. the default is inclusion, prepending `!' denotes exclusions          5. multiple selection criteria can be applied to a task window          6. inclusion and exclusion criteria can be used simultaneously          7. the 1 equality and 2 relational filters can be freely mixed          8. separate unique filters are maintained for each task window          If  a  field  is not turned on or is not currently in view, then your selection criteria will not affect the          display.  Later, should a filtered field become visible, the selection criteria will then be applied.       Keyboard Summary         o  :Other-Filter (lower case)             You will be prompted to establish a filter that ignores case when matching.         O  :Other-Filter (upper case)             You will be prompted to establish a case sensitive filter.        ^O  :Show-Active-Filters (Ctrl key + `o')             This can serve as a reminder of which filters are active in the `current'  window.   A  summary  will  be             shown on the message line until you press the <Enter> key.         =  :Reset-Filtering in current window             This  clears  all  of  your selection criteria in the `current' window.  It also has additional impact so             please see topic 4a. GLOBAL Commands.         +  :Reset-Filtering in all windows             This clears the selection criteria in all windows, assuming you are in alternate-display mode.   As  with             the  `='  interactive  command,  it  too  has  additional consequences so you might wish to see topic 5b.             COMMANDS for Windows.       Input Requirements          When prompted for selection criteria, the data you provide must take one of two forms.  There are 3 required          pieces  of  information,  with  a  4th  as  optional.   These examples use spaces for clarity but your input          generally would not.                  #1           #2  #3              ( required )                  Field-Name   ?   include-if-value               !  Field-Name   ?   exclude-if-value               #4                                  ( optional )          Items #1, #3 and #4 should be self-explanatory.  Item #2  represents  both  a  required  delimiter  and  the          operator which must be one of either equality (`=') or relation (`<' or `>').          The  `='  equality  operator  requires  only  a  partial  match  and  that  can reduce your `if-value' input          requirements.  The `>' or `<' relational operators always  employ  string  comparisons,  even  with  numeric          fields.   They  are  designed  to work with a field's default justification and with homogeneous data.  When          some field's numeric amounts have been subjected to scaling while others have not, that data  is  no  longer          homogeneous.          If  you  establish  a relational filter and you have changed the default Numeric or Character justification,          that filter is likely to fail.  When a relational filter is applied to a  memory  field  and  you  have  not          changed  the  scaling, it may produce misleading results.  This happens, for example, because `100.0m' (MiB)          would appear greater than `1.000g' (GiB) when compared as strings.          If your filtered results appear suspect, simply altering  justification  or  scaling  may  yet  achieve  the          desired objective.  See the `j', `J' and `e' interactive commands for additional information.       Potential Problems          These  GROUP  filters  could  produce the exact same results or the second one might not display anything at          all, just a blank task window.               GROUP=root        ( only the same results when )               GROUP=ROOT        ( invoked via lower case `o' )          Either of these RES filters might yield inconsistent and/or misleading results,  depending  on  the  current          memory scaling factor.  Or both filters could produce the exact same results.               RES>9999          ( only the same results when )               !RES<10000        ( memory scaling is at `KiB' )          This  nMin  filter  illustrates  a  problem  unique to scalable fields.  This particular field can display a          maximum of 4 digits, beyond which values are automatically scaled to KiB or above.  So while amounts greater          than 9999 exist, they will appear as 2.6m, 197k, etc.               nMin>9999         ( always a blank task window )       Potential Solutions          These  examples  illustrate  how  Other  Filtering  can  be creatively applied to achieve almost any desired          result.  Single quotes are sometimes shown to delimit the spaces which are part of a filter or to  represent          a request for status (^O) accurately.  But if you used them with if-values in real life, no matches would be          found.          Assuming field nTH is displayed, the first filter will result in only multi-threaded processes being  shown.          It  also  reminds us that a trailing space is part of every displayed field.  The second filter achieves the          exact same results with less typing.               !nTH=` 1 '                ( ' for clarity only )               nTH>1                     ( same with less i/p )          With Forest View mode active and the COMMAND  column  in  view,  this  filter  effectively  collapses  child          processes so that just 3 levels are shown.               !COMMAND=`       `- '     ( ' for clarity only )          The  final  two filters appear as in response to the status request key (^O).  In reality, each filter would          have required separate input.  The PR example shows the two concurrent filters necessary  to  display  tasks          with  priorities  of 20 or more, since some might be negative.  Then by exploiting trailing spaces, the nMin          series of filters could achieve the failed `9999' objective discussed above.               `PR>20' + `!PR=-'         ( 2 for right result )               `!nMin=0 ' + `!nMin=1 ' + `!nMin=2 ' + `!nMin=3 ' ...       Note: Whenever Other Filtering is active in a window, top will turn column highlighting Off  to  prevent  false       matches  on  internal  non-display  escape  sequences.   Such highlighting will be restored when a window is no       longer subject to filtering.  See the `x'  interactive  command  for  additional  information  on  sort  column       highlighting.6. FILES   6a. PERSONAL Configuration File       This file is created or updated via the 'W' interactive command.       The legacy version is written as `$HOME/.your-name-4-top' + `rc' with a leading period.       A  newly created configuration file is written as procps/your-name-4-top' + `rc' without a leading period.  The       procps directory will be  subordinate  to  either  $XDG_CONFIG_HOME  when  set  as  an  absolute  path  or  the       $HOME/.config directory.       While not intended to be edited manually, here is the general layout:           global   # line  1: the program name/alias notation             "      # line  2: id,altscr,irixps,delay,curwin           per ea   # line  a: winname,fieldscur           window   # line  b: winflags,sortindx,maxtasks,etc             "      # line  c: summclr,msgsclr,headclr,taskclr           global   # line 15: additional miscellaneous settings             "      # any remaining lines are devoted to optional             "      # active 'other filters' discussed in section 5e above             "      # plus 'inspect' entries discussed in section 6b below       If  a  valid  absolute  path  to the rcfile cannot be established, customizations made to a running top will be       impossible to preserve.   6b. ADDING INSPECT Entries       To exploit the `Y' interactive command, you must add entries at the end of the top personal configuration file.       Such  entries  simply  reflect  a file to be read or command/pipeline to be executed whose results will then be       displayed in a separate scrollable, searchable window.       If you don't know the location or name of your top rcfile, use the `W' interactive command to  rewrite  it  and       note those details.       Inspect  entries can be added with a redirected echo or by editing the configuration file.  Redirecting an echo       risks overwriting the rcfile should it replace (>) rather than append (>>)  to  that  file.   Conversely,  when       using  an  editor care must be taken not to corrupt existing lines, some of which will contain unprintable data       or unusual characters.       Those Inspect entries beginning with a `#' character  are  ignored,  regardless  of  content.   Otherwise  they       consist of the following 3 elements, each of which must be separated by a tab character (thus 2 `\t' total):         .type:  literal `file' or `pipe'         .name:  selection shown on the Inspect screen         .fmts:  string representing a path or command       The two types of Inspect entries are not interchangeable.  Those designated `file' will be accessed using fopen       and must reference a single file in the `.fmts' element.  Entries specifying `pipe' will  employ  popen,  their       `.fmts' element could contain many pipelined commands and, none can be interactive.       If  the  file  or  pipeline  represented  in  your  `.fmts'  deals with the specific PID input or accepted when       prompted, then the format string must also contain the `%d' specifier, as these examples illustrate.         .fmts=  /proc/%d/numa_maps         .fmts=  lsof -P -p %d       For `pipe' type entries only, you may also wish to redirect stderr to stdout for a more  comprehensive  result.       Thus the format string becomes:         .fmts=  pmap -x %d 2>&1       Here are examples of both types of Inspect entries as they might appear in the rcfile.  The first entry will be       ignored due to the initial `#' character.  For clarity, the pseudo tab depictions (^I)  are  surrounded  by  an       extra space but the actual tabs would not be.         # pipe ^I Sockets ^I lsof -n -P -i 2>&1         pipe ^I Open Files ^I lsof -P -p %d 2>&1         file ^I NUMA Info ^I /proc/%d/numa_maps         pipe ^I Log ^I tail -n100 /var/log/syslog | sort -Mr       Except for the commented entry above, these next examples show what could be echoed to achieve similar results,       assuming the rcfile name was `.toprc'.  However, due to the embedded tab characters, each of these lines should       be  preceded  by  `/bin/echo -e', not just a simple an `echo', to enable backslash interpretation regardless of       which shell you use.         "pipe\tOpen Files\tlsof -P -p %d 2>&1" >> ~/.toprc         "file\tNUMA Info\t/proc/%d/numa_maps" >> ~/.toprc         "pipe\tLog\ttail -n200 /var/log/syslog | sort -Mr" >> ~/.toprc       If any inspect entry you create produces output with unprintable characters they will be  displayed  in  either       the  ^C  notation  or hexadecimal <FF> form, depending on their value.  This applies to tab characters as well,       which will show as `^I'.  If you want a truer representation,  any  embedded  tabs  should  be  expanded.   The       following  example  takes  what could have been a `file' entry but employs a `pipe' instead so as to expand the       embedded tabs.         # next would have contained `\t' ...         # file ^I <your_name> ^I /proc/%d/status         # but this will eliminate embedded `\t' ...         pipe ^I <your_name> ^I cat /proc/%d/status | expand -       Note: Some programs might rely on SIGINT to end.  Therefore, if a `pipe' such as the following is  established,       one  must  use Ctrl-C to terminate it in order to review the results.  This is the single occasion where a `^C'       will not also terminate top.         pipe ^I Trace ^I /usr/bin/strace -p %d 2>&1       Lastly, while `pipe' type entries have been discussed in terms of pipelines and commands, there is  nothing  to       prevent  you  from  including  shell scripts as well.  Perhaps even newly created scripts designed specifically       for the `Y' interactive command.       For example, as the number of your Inspect entries grows over time, the `Options:' row will be  truncated  when       screen  width  is  exceeded.   That  does  not  affect  operation other than to make some selections invisible.       However, if some choices are lost to truncation but you want to see more options, there  is  an  easy  solution       hinted at below.         Inspection Pause at pid ...         Use:  left/right then <Enter> ...         Options:  help  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10  11 ...       The entries in the top rcfile would have a number for the `.name' element and the `help' entry would identify a       shell script you've written explaining what those numbered selections actually mean.  In that  way,  many  more       choices can be made visible.   6c. SYSTEM Configuration File       This  configuration  file  represents  defaults for users who have not saved their own configuration file.  The       format mirrors exactly the personal configuration file and can also  include  `inspect'  entries  as  explained       above.       Creating it is a simple process.       1.  Configure  top appropriately for your installation and preserve that configuration with the `W' interactive       command.       2. Add and test any desired `inspect' entries.       3. Copy that configuration file to the /etc/ directory as `topdefaultrc'.   6d. SYSTEM Restrictions File       The presence of this file will influence which version of the help screen is shown to an ordinary user.       More importantly, it will limit what ordinary users are allowed to do when top is running.  They  will  not  be       able to issue the following commands.           k        Kill a task           r        Renice a task           d or s   Change delay/sleep interval       This  configuration  file  is  not  created  by top.  Rather, it is created manually and placed it in the /etc/       directory as `toprc'.       It should have exactly two lines, as shown in this example:           s        # line 1: secure mode switch           5.0      # line 2: delay interval in seconds7. STUPID TRICKS Sampler       Many of these tricks work best when you give top a scheduling boost.  So plan on starting him with a nice value       of -10, assuming you've got the authority.   7a. Kernel Magic       For these stupid tricks, top needs full-screen mode.       •  The  user  interface,  through prompts and help, intentionally implies that the delay interval is limited to          tenths of a second.  However, you're free to set any desired delay.   If  you  want  to  see  Linux  at  his          scheduling best, try a delay of .09 seconds or less.          For this experiment, under x-windows open an xterm and maximize it.  Then do the following:            . provide a scheduling boost and tiny delay via:                nice -n -10 top -d.09            . keep sorted column highlighting Off so as to              minimize path length            . turn On reverse row highlighting for emphasis            . try various sort columns (TIME/MEM work well),              and normal or reverse sorts to bring the most              active processes into view          What you'll see is a very busy Linux doing what he's always done for you, but there was no program available          to illustrate this.       •  Under an xterm using `white-on-black' colors, on top's Color Mapping screen set the task color to black  and          be  sure  that  task  highlighting  is  set  to bold, not reverse.  Then set the delay interval to around .3          seconds.          After bringing the most active processes into view, what you'll see are  the  ghostly  images  of  just  the          currently running tasks.       •  Delete  the  existing  rcfile, or create a new symlink.  Start this new version then type `T' (a secret key,          see topic 4c. Task Area Commands, SORTING) followed by `W' and `q'.  Finally, restart the program  with  -d0          (zero delay).          Your  display  will  be refreshed at three times the rate of the former top, a 300% speed advantage.  As top          climbs the TIME ladder, be as patient as you can while speculating on whether or not top will ever reach the          top.   7b. Bouncing Windows       For these stupid tricks, top needs alternate-display mode.       •  With 3 or 4 task displays visible, pick any window other than the last and turn idle processes Off using the          `i' command toggle.  Depending on where you applied `i', sometimes several task displays  are  bouncing  and          sometimes it's like an accordion, as top tries his best to allocate space.       •  Set  each  window's summary lines differently: one with no memory (`m'); another with no states (`t'); maybe          one with nothing at all, just the message line.  Then hold down `a' or `w' and watch a variation on bouncing          windows  --  hopping windows.       •  Display all 4 windows and for each, in turn, set idle processes to Off using the `i' command toggle.  You've          just entered the "extreme bounce" zone.   7c. The Big Bird Window       This stupid trick also requires alternate-display mode.       •  Display all 4 windows and make sure that 1:Def is the `current' window.  Then, keep increasing  window  size          with the `n' interactive command until all the other task displays are "pushed out of the nest".          When  they've all been displaced, toggle between all visible/invisible windows using the `_' command toggle.          Then ponder this:             is top fibbing or telling honestly your imposed truth?   7d. The Ol' Switcheroo       This stupid trick works best without alternate-display mode, since justification is  active  on  a  per  window       basis.       •  Start  top and make COMMAND the last (rightmost) column displayed.  If necessary, use the `c' command toggle          to display command lines and ensure that forest view mode is active with the `V' command toggle.          Then use the up/down arrow keys to position the display so that some truncated command lines are shown  (`+'          in last position).  You may have to resize your xterm to produce truncation.          Lastly, use the `j' command toggle to make the COMMAND column right justified.          Now use the right arrow key to reach the COMMAND column.  Continuing with the right arrow key, watch closely          the direction of travel for the command lines being shown.             some lines travel left, while others travel right             eventually all lines will Switcheroo, and move right8. BUGS       Please send bug reports to ⟨procps@freelists.org⟩.9. SEE Also       free(1), ps(1), uptime(1), atop(1), slabtop(1), vmstat(8), w(1)procps-ng                                           September 2020                                              TOP(1)

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